Iivalvu zokuphosa ziivalvu ezenziwe ngokuphosa. Ngokubanzi, amazinga oxinzelelo lweevalvu zokuphosa aphantsi kakhulu (njenge-PN16, PN25, PN40, kodwa kukwakho nezo zinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezinokufikelela kwi-1500Lb, 2500Lb), kwaye uninzi lwee-caliber zazo zingaphezulu kwe-DN50. Iivalvu zokuphosa zenziwe kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa kwimibhobho yodidi oluphezulu ene-caliber encinci, ngokubanzi ingaphantsi kwe-DN50.
1. Ukuphosa
1. Ukunyibilikisa: Yinkqubo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi sibe lulwelo oluhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile kwaye lugalelwe kwisikhunta. Emva kokuphola, ukuqina, kunye nokucoca, kufunyanwa ukunyibilikisa (inxalenye okanye ingenanto) enemilo, ubungakanani kunye nokusebenza kwangaphambili. Ubuchwepheshe obusisiseko boshishino lwanamhlanje lokuvelisa oomatshini.
2. Uboya obuveliswe nge-cast bukwabiza kancinci, kwaye bungabonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo kwiindawo ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo, ingakumbi ezineemingxuma zangaphakathi ezintsonkothileyo; kwangaxeshanye, bunokuguquguquka okubanzi kunye neempawu ezingcono zoomatshini.
3. Izinto (ezifana nesinyithi, umthi, ipetroli, izinto zokubonisa imodeli, njl.njl.) kunye nezixhobo (ezifana nezitofu zesinyithi, abaxubi besanti, oomatshini bokubumba, oomatshini bokwenza umbindi, oomatshini bokushukumisa, oomatshini bokuqhumisa amachaphaza, iipleyiti zesinyithi eziphosiweyo, njl.njl.) ezifunekayo kwimveliso yokubumba) Zingaphezulu, kwaye ziya kuvelisa uthuli, igesi enobungozi kunye nengxolo kwaye zingcolise okusingqongileyo.
4. Ukuphosa luhlobo lobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubushushu besinyithi oluye lwaziwa ngabantu ngaphambili, olunembali yeminyaka emalunga nama-6000.
Ngowama-3200 BC, kwavela ukuphoswa kweesele zekopolo eMesopotamia. Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-13 BC kunye nenkulungwane ye-10 BC, iTshayina ifikelele kwixesha lokuphumelela kokuphoswa kweesele zekopolo.
Ubugcisa bufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu, njengeSimuwu Fangding Ding enobunzima obuyi-875 kg evela kwiShang Dynasty, ipleyiti yeZenghou Yizun evela kwiWarring States Period, kunye nesipili esikhanyayo esivela kwiWestern Han Dynasty zonke zimele ukuphoswa kwezinto zakudala.
imveliso. Ukubumba kwasekuqaleni kwakuchatshazelwa kakhulu zizinto zobumba, kwaye uninzi lwezinto zokubumba zazizizixhobo okanye izitya zemveliso yezolimo, unqulo, kunye nobomi.
Umbala wobugcisa unamandla. Ngowama-513 BC, iTshayina yaphosa izixhobo zokuqala zesinyithi emhlabeni (malunga nobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-270), ezinokufumaneka kwiirekhodi ezibhaliweyo.
Malunga nenkulungwane yesi-8, iYurophu yaqala ukuvelisa izixhobo zokubumba isinyithi. Emva koVukelo lwezoShishino kwinkulungwane ye-18, izixhobo zokubumba zangena kwixesha elitsha lenkonzo kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu.
Kwinkulungwane yama-20, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-cast iron luye lwaphuhliswa. I-nodular cast iron, i-malleable cast iron, i-ultra-low carbon stainless steel, i-aluminium copper, i-aluminium silicon, kunye ne-aluminium-magnesium alloys ziye zaphuhliswa ngokulandelelana.
Ukuphosa izinto zesinyithi ezifana nee-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-titanium kunye ne-nickel, kwaye basungula inkqubo entsha yokugonya intsimbi engwevu. Emva kweminyaka yoo-1950, kwavela imodeli yesanti emanzi enoxinzelelo oluphezulu,
Ukwenziwa kwesanti yokuqinisa iikhemikhali kunye nokwenziwa kwesiseko, ukwenziwa kwemodeli yoxinzelelo olubi, ezinye iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokusika, ukuqhumisa iishoti kunye nezinye iindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.
5. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokuphosa, ezahlulwe ngolu hlobo: ①Ukusasazwa kwesanti okuqhelekileyo, kuquka iintlobo ezi-3 zesanti eluhlaza, isanti eyomileyo kunye nesanti eqinileyo ngokweekhemikhali. ②Ukusasazwa okukhethekileyo, ngokwezinto zokumisela, kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube kukuphosa okukhethekileyo ngesanti yeminerali yendalo kunye negrabile njengezinto eziphambili zokumisela (ezifana nokuphosa utyalo-mali, ukuphosa udongwe, ukuphosa isheli yeworkshop, ukuphosa uxinzelelo olubi, ukuphosa okuqinileyo, ukuphosa iceramic) njl. njl.) kunye nokuphosa okukhethekileyo ngesinyithi njengezinto eziphambili zokubumba (ezifana nokuphosa isinyithi, ukuphosa uxinzelelo, ukuphosa okuqhubekayo, ukuphosa uxinzelelo oluphantsi, ukuphosa i-centrifugal, njl.njl.).
6. Inkqubo yokuphosa idla ngokuquka: ①Ukulungiswa kwee-molds (izikhongozeli ezenza isinyithi esilulwelo sibe yi-castings eqinileyo). Ii-molds zinokwahlulwa zibe yintlabathi, isinyithi, i-ceramic, udongwe, i-graphite, njl.njl., ngokwenani lamaxesha okusetyenziswa. Kwizinto ezilahlwayo, ezihlala ixesha elide nezihlala ixesha elide, umgangatho wokulungiswa kwe-mold yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela umgangatho we-castings; ②Ukunyibilika nokuthululwa kweentsimbi eziphosiweyo, iintsimbi eziphosiweyo (ii-alloys eziphosiweyo) ziquka isinyithi esiphosiweyo, isinyithi esiphosiweyo kunye nee-alloys ezingezo-ferrous eziphosiweyo; ③ Ukucubungula nokuhlola i-cast. Ukucubungula i-cast kubandakanya ukususwa kwezinto zangaphandle kumbindi kunye nomphezulu we-castings, ukususwa kwee-risers zokuthulula, ukufuthwa kwee-burrs kunye ne-drape seams, kunye nonyango lobushushu, ukubumba, unyango lokulwa nomhlwa kunye nomatshini orhabaxa. I-valve yepompo yokungenisa

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